Concepções de famílias: Um estudo sobre as representações gráficas de crianças cariocas / Conceptions of Families: A study on the graphic representations of children from Rio de Janeiro / Concepciones de Familias: Un estudio sobre las representaciones gráficas de niños cariocas

As configurações familiares estão em processo de diversificação, de maneira que o modelo formado por homem e mulher unidos em matrimônio não é o único a ser legitimado pela sociedade. Este estudo objetivou investigar de que forma as crianças cariocas representam graficamente as famílias, tomando como base a teoria da análise do comportamento. Participaram da amostra 108 crianças cariocas (52,8% meninos e 47,2% meninas), com idades entre cinco e 12 anos (M= 8,58; DP= 1,54) e seus respectivos responsáveis (M= 36,9; DP= 7,31). Foi solicitado que as crianças desenhassem individualmente uma família e a descrevessem. Aos responsáveis foi pedido que preenchessem um questionário sociodemográfico. Os conteúdos dos desenhos e os dados do questionário sociodemográfico foram tabulados e analisados por meio do software estatístico IBM SPSS versão 22. A maior parte das crianças representou famílias tradicionais em seus desenhos. No entanto, as concepções de família pareceram mais associadas à dimensão afetiva que aos espaços de convivência e moradia. Esse estudo propôs novas perspectivas empíricas e teóricas para avaliar o desenho da família e sugere a necessidade de melhor compreender como os diversos arranjos familiares são apreendidos pelas crianças.(AU)

The family configurations are in the process of diversification, so that the model formed by man and woman united in matrimony is not the only one to be legitimized by society. This study aimed to investigate how the Carioca children graphically represent families, based on the theory of behavior analysis. A total of 108 carioca children (52.8% boys and 47,2% girls), aged between five and 12 years (M = 8.58, DP = 1.54) and their respective parents (M = 36.9 males; DP = 7.31). The children were asked to design individually a family and describe it. Respondents were asked to complete a sociodemographic questionnaire. The contents of the drawings and data of the sociodemographic questionnaire were tabulated and analyzed using the statistical software IBM SPSS version 22. Most of the children represented traditional families in their designs. However, the conceptions of family seemed more associated to the affective dimension than to the spaces of coexistence and dwelling. This study proposed new empirical and theoretical perspectives to evaluate the family drawing and suggests the need to better understand how the various family arrangements are apprehended by the children.(AU)

Los arreglos familiares están en proceso de diversificación, de modo que el modelo formado por hombre y mujer unidos en matrimonio no es el único a ser legitimado por la sociedad. Este estudio busca investigar de qué forma los niños cariocas representan gráficamente a las familias, tomando por base la teoría del análisis del comportamiento. Participaron del estudio 108 niños cariocas (52,8% ninos y 47,2% niñas), con edades entre cinco y 12 años (M = 8,58, DP = 1,54) y sus respectivos responsables (M edad = 36,9, DP = 7,31). Se solicitó a los niños que dibujaran individualmente una familia y la describieran, y se pidió a los responsables el llenado de un cuestionario sociodemográfico. Los contenidos de los dibujos y los datos del cuestionario sociodemográfico fueron tabulados y analizados a través del software estadístico IBM SPSS versión 22. La mayoría de los niños representó familias tradicionales en sus dibujos. Sin embargo, las concepciones de familia parecían más asociadas a la dimensión afectiva que a los espacios de convivencia y vivienda. Este estudio propone nuevas perspectivas empíricas y teóricas para evaluar el diseño de la familia y sugiere la necesidad de comprender mejor cómo los diversas padrones familiares son asimilados por los niños.(AU)

Brazilian caregivers' conception on child bullying.

BACKGROUND: Bullying is a complex social phenomenon, which is common in peer relationships and is influenced by different individual and contextual characteristics. Despite broad knowledge on the importance of the family for children's development, many studies about bullying neglect the family's active role. In that sense, investigating caregivers' conception about bullying can be an important strategy to promote effective interventions. The objective in this study was to analyze the caregivers' conception on the phenomenon of bullying, specifically regarding its occurrence, motivations, and risks for the children's development, and verify if this conception is consistent with the findings of the international literature. The study participants were 401 caregivers (77.1% were mothers) of children in elementary education at Brazilian schools. An online questionnaire was used with closed questions and an open question on what the caregivers considered bullying. The data were analyzed based on descriptive statistics and quantitative textual analysis. RESULTS: Caregivers have good knowledge on signs and forms of coping with bullying. On the other hand, they tend not to recognize their children as potential aggressors and do not mention the family's role as a risk factor for the occurrence of this type of problem. CONCLUSIONS: The results allowed us to understand what Brazilian caregivers think about bullying and how they act or would act towards situations of bullying and reveals a relevant gap on this comprehension.

Brazilian caregivers' conception on child bullying

Abstract Background: Bullying is a complex social phenomenon, which is common in peer relationships and is influenced by different individual and contextual characteristics. Despite broad knowledge on the importance of the family for children's development, many studies about bullying neglect the family's active role. In that sense, investigating caregivers' conception about bullying can be an important strategy to promote effective interventions. The objective in this study was to analyze the caregivers' conception on the phenomenon of bullying, specifically regarding its occurrence, motivations, and risks for the children's development, and verify if this conception is consistent with the findings of the international literature. The study participants were 401 caregivers (77.1% were mothers) of children in elementary education at Brazilian schools. An online questionnaire was used with closed questions and an open question on what the caregivers considered bullying. The data were analyzed based on descriptive statistics and quantitative textual analysis. Results: Caregivers have good knowledge on signs and forms of coping with bullying. On the other hand, they tend not to recognize their children as potential aggressors and do not mention the family's role as a risk factor for the occurrence of this type of problem. Conclusions: The results allowed us to understand what Brazilian caregivers think about bullying and how they act or would act towards situations of bullying and reveals a relevant gap on this comprehension.

Aspectos éticos das pesquisas em psicologia: vulnerabilidade versus proteção / Ethical aspects of research in psychology: vulnerability versus protection / Aspectos éticos de las investigaciones en psicología: vulnerabilidad frente a la protección

A vulnerabilidade é definida como um estado de autodeterminação reduzida ou impedida, de pessoas ou grupos, no que concerne à resistência e participação em pesquisas. Segundo a Resolução 466/2012, tais indivíduos poderiam participar de pesquisas caso não pudessem ser desenvolvidas, preferencialmente, com indivíduos de autonomia plena. A Resolução 510/2016 representa um avanço, na medida em que adota como premissa a participação desses indivíduos não apenas na ausência daqueles com autonomia plena. Esta última enaltece o compromisso social do pesquisador quanto à redução dos danos ou situações de riscos dos participantes envolvidos. Assim, este estudo tem como objetivo discutir a prática de pesquisa em Psicologia com indivíduos em diferentes condições de vulnerabilidade.

Vulnerability is defined as a state of reduced or impeded self-determination of people or groups, regarding resistance and participation in research. According to the Resolution 466/2012, such individuals could participate in research in case it could not be conducted, preferably, with individuals with full autonomy. Resolution 510/2016 represents a step forward because it adopts the participation of vulnerable individuals not only in the absence of those with full autonomy. It is understood that the latter praises the social commitment of the researcher regarding harm reduction or risk situations of the participants involved. This study proposes a discussion on the practice of research in Psychology with individuals in different conditions of vulnerability.

La vulnerabilidad se define como un estado de autodeterminación reducida o impedida de personas o grupos, em lo que concierne a la resistencia y participación em investigaciones. Según la Resolución 466/2012, tales indivíduos podrían participar em investigaciones si no pudieran ser desarrolladas preferentemente com individuos de autonomía plena. La Resolución 510/2016 representa un avance pues adopta como premisa la participación de indivíduos vulnerables no solo em la ausencia de aquellos com autonomía plena. Se entiende que esta última enaltece el compromiso social del investigador encuanto a la reducción de los daños o situaciones de riesgo de los participantes involucrados. Este estúdio propone una discusión sobre la investigación em Psicología com indivíduos en diferentes condiciones de vulnerabilidad.

Um estudo sobre a relação entre a democracia digital e a participação política a partir do debate sobre o Programa Mais Médicos no Facebook / A Study on the relationship between digital democracy and political participation from the debate on the Mais Médicos Program on Facebook

Este artigo trata da discussão sobre quais os aspectos do surgimento e conceituação da democracia digital, tratando o processo de desburocratização, maior acesso à participação política por meio de computadores, aplicativos e ferramentas. Isso é feito a partir de um estudo de caso que analisa a participação política de usuários na página oficial no Facebook do Ministério da Saúde sobre o Programa Mais Médicos. São analisadas as conquistas, como a de novos espaços para a participação política, e desafios, como a inclusão parcial de indivíduos nas discussões e fomento de políticas públicas. A esfera pública, o debate e a deliberação no contexto do Facebook contribuem para a compreensão da relação entre a democracia digital e a participação política.

This paper discusses about which aspects of the creation and conceptualization of digital democracy, the process of dealing with bureaucracy, greater access to political participation through computers, applications and tools. This is done from acase study that examines the political participation of users in the official Facebook page of the Ministry of Health on the Brazilian's Government Programme Mais Médicos. It analyzes achievements, such as new spaces for political participation, and challenges such as partial inclusion of individuals in discussions and foster of public policies. The public sphere, debate and deliberation in the context of Facebook contribute to understanding the relationship between digital democracy and political participation.